Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: Once, O King, as a group of sages were performing a Vedic sacrifice on the banks of the Sarasvatī River, a controversy arose among them as to which of the three chief deities is supreme.
The three chief deities mentioned here are Lord Vishnu, Lord Brahmā and Lord Śiva.
Eager to resolve this question, O King, the sages sent Lord Brahmā’s son Bhrigu to find the answer. First he went to his father’s court.
As Śrīla Prabhupāda explains in Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead: “The plan decided upon by the sages was for Bhrigu to test which one of the predominating deities possessed the quality of goodness in full.” One who is in the mode of goodness possesses such qualities as tolerance and equanimity, whereas those conducted by the modes of passion and ignorance are prone to easily lose their temper.
To test how well Lord Brahmā was situated in the mode of goodness, Bhrigu failed to bow down to him or glorify him with prayers. The lord became angry at him, inflamed into fury by his own passion.
Though anger toward his son was now rising within his heart, Lord Brahmā was able to subdue it by applying his intelligence, in the same way that fire is extinguished by its own product, water.
Lord Brahmā is sometimes affected by his contact with the mode of passion. But because he is ādi-kavi, the firstborn and foremost learned scholar in the universe, when anger begins to disturb his mind he can control it by means of discriminating self-examination. In this instance he reminded himself that Bhrigu was his son. Thus in this verse Śukadeva Gosvāmī draws the analogy that Brahmā’s own expansion (his son) served to put out his anger just as water, which originally evolved from elemental fire in the primeval creation, puts out a fire.
Bhrigu then went to Mount Kailāsa. There Lord Śiva stood up and happily came forward to embrace his brother.
In the Vedic civilization it is considered very important to properly greet one’s family members, especially when one has not seen them for a long time. A worthy son should show respect to his father, a younger brother should honor his older brother, and the older brother should show affection to his younger brother in turn.
But Bhrigu refused his embrace, telling him, “You are a deviant heretic.” At this Lord Śiva became angry, and his eyes burned ferociously. He raised his trident and was about to kill Bhrigu when Goddess Devī fell at his feet and spoke some words to pacify him. Bhrigu then left that place and went to Vaikuntha, where Lord Janārdana resides.
In Krishna, Śrīla Prabhupāda writes: “It is said that an offense can be committed either with the body, with the mind or by speech. Bhrigu Muni’s first offense, committed toward Lord Brahmā, was an offense with the mind. His second offense, committed toward Lord Śiva by insulting him, criticizing him for unclean habits, was an offense by speech. Because the quality of ignorance is prominent in Lord Śiva, when he heard Bhrigu’s insult his eyes immediately became red with anger. With uncontrollable rage, he took up his trident and prepared to kill Bhrigu Muni. At that time Lord Śiva’s wife, Pārvatī, was present. Her personality, like Lord Siva’s, is a mixture of the three qualities, and therefore she is called Triguna-mayī. In this case, she saved the situation by evoking Lord Śiva’s quality of goodness.”
Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī remarks that the Vaikuntha planet referred to here is Śvetadvīpa.
There he went up to the Supreme Lord, who was lying with His head on the lap of His consort, Śrī, and kicked Him on the chest. The Lord then rose, along with Goddess Lakshmī, as a sign of respect. Coming down from His bedstead, that supreme goal of all pure devotees bowed His head to the floor before the sage and told him, ‘Welcome, brāhmana. Please sit in this chair and rest awhile. Kindly forgive us, dear master, for not noticing your arrival.’
According to Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī, at the time of this pastime Bhrigu Muni had not yet become a pure Vaishnava; otherwise he would not have acted so rashly toward the Supreme Lord. Not only was Lord Vishnu taking rest, but He was lying with His head in His wife’s lap. For Bhrigu to strike Him in this position — and not with his hand but with his foot — was worse than any other offense Bhrigu could have imagined.
Śrīla Prabhupāda comments: “Of course, Lord Vishnu is all-merciful. He did not become angry at the activities of Bhrigu Muni, for Bhrigu Muni was a great brāhmana. A brāhmana is to be excused even if he sometimes commits an offense, and Lord Vishnu set the example. Yet it is said that from the time of this incident the goddess of fortune, Lakshmī, has not been very favorably disposed toward the brāhmanas, and therefore because the goddess of fortune withholds her benedictions from them, the brāhmanas are generally very poor.”
“Please purify Me, My realm and the realms of the universal rulers devoted to Me by giving us the water that has washed your feet. This holy water is indeed what makes all places of pilgrimage sacred. Today, my lord, I have become the exclusive shelter of the goddess of fortune, Lakshmī; she will consent to reside on My chest because your foot has rid it of sins.”
Continuing his comments, Śrīla Prabhupāda says: “The so-called brāhmanas of the Kali-yuga are sometimes very proud that a great brāhmana like Bhrigu Muni could touch the chest of Lord Vishnu with his foot. But in fact, when Bhrigu Muni kicked the chest of Lord Vishnu it was the greatest offense, although Lord Vishnu, being greatly magnanimous, did not take it very seriously.”
Some editions of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam contain the following verse between texts 11 and 12, and Śrīla Prabhupāda also includes it in Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, his summary study of the Tenth Canto:
“[The Lord said to the brāhmana Bhrigu:] ‘My dear sir, O great sage, your feet are indeed very tender.’ Saying this, Lord Vishnu began massaging the brāhmana’s feet with His own hands.”
Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: Bhrigu felt satisfied and delighted to hear the solemn words spoken by Lord Vaikuntha. Overwhelmed with devotional ecstasy, he remained silent, his eyes brimming with tears.
Bhrigu could not offer the Lord any words of praise because his throat was choking with tears of ecstasy. In the opinion of Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī, the sage should not be condemned for his offensive behavior, since his role in this transcendental pastime was arranged by the Personality of Godhead.
O King, Bhrigu then returned to the sacrificial arena of the wise Vedic authorities and described his entire experience to them.
Amazed upon hearing Bhrigu’s account, the sages were freed from all doubts and became convinced that Vishnu is the greatest Lord. From Him come peace; fearlessness; the essential principles of religion; detachment with knowledge; the eightfold powers of mystic yoga; and His glorification, which cleanses the mind of all impurities. He is known as the supreme destination for those who are peaceful and equipoised — the selfless, wise saints who have given up all violence. His most dear form is that of pure goodness, and the brāhmanas are His worshipable deities. Persons of keen intellect who have attained spiritual peace worship Him without selfish motives.
By becoming devoted to the Personality of Godhead, one easily attains divine knowledge and detachment from sense gratification, without separate endeavor. As described in the Eleventh Canto of Śrīmad Bhāgavatam (11.2.42):
“Devotion, direct experience of the Supreme Lord, and detachment from other things — these three occur simultaneously for one who has taken shelter of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, in the same way that pleasure, nourishment and relief from hunger come simultaneously and increasingly, with each bite, for a person engaged in eating.” Similarly, in the First Canto (1.2.7), Śrīla Suta Gosvāmī states:
“By rendering devotional service unto the Personality of Godhead, Śrī Krishna, one immediately acquires causeless knowledge and detachment from the world.”
Lord Śrī Kapila, in His instructions to His mother, Devahūti, proposes that the eightfold powers of yoga are also coincidental fruits of devotional service:
“Because he is completely absorbed in thought of Me, My devotee does not desire even the highest benediction obtainable in the upper planetary systems, including Satyaloka. He does not desire the eight material perfections obtained from mystic yoga, nor does he desire to be elevated to the kingdom of God. Yet even without desiring them, My devotee enjoys, even in this life, all the offered benedictions.” (Bhāg. 3.25.37)
Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī points out that in text 16, three kinds of transcendentalists are named: the munis, the śāntas and the sādhus. These are, in order of increasing importance, persons striving for liberation, those who have attained liberation, and those who are engaged in pure devotional service to Lord Vishnu.
The Lord expands into three kinds of manifest beings — the Rākshasas, the demons and the demigods — all of whom are created by the Lord’s material energy and conditioned by her modes. But among these three modes, it is the mode of goodness which is the means of attaining life’s final success.
In Krishna Śrīla Prabhupāda writes: “There are different kinds of people existing in the modes of material nature. Those who are in the mode of ignorance are called rākshasas, those in the mode of passion are called asuras [demons], and those in the mode of goodness are called suras, or demigods. Under the direction of the Supreme Lord, these three classes of men are created by material nature, but those who are in the mode of goodness have a greater chance to be elevated to the spiritual world, back home, back to Godhead.”
Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: The learned brāhmanas living along the river Sarasvatī came to this conclusion in order to dispel the doubts of all people. Thereafter they rendered devotional service to the Supreme Lord’s lotus feet and attained His abode.
Śrī Sūta Gosvāmī said: Thus did this fragrant nectar flow from the lotus mouth of Śukadeva Gosvāmī, the son of the sage Vyāsadeva. This wonderful glorification of the Supreme Person destroys all fear of material existence. A traveler who constantly drinks this nectar through his ear-holes will forget the fatigue brought on by wandering along the paths of worldly life.
This narration by Śrīla Śukadeva Gosvāmī is precious in two ways: For those suffering from spiritual infirmity it is an effective tonic to cure the disease of illusion. And for surrendered Vaishnavas it is a delicious and invigorating beverage, fragrant with the aroma of Śrī Śuka’s realizations.
Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: Once, in Dvārakā, a brāhmana’s wife gave birth to a son, but the newborn infant died as soon as he touched the ground, O Bhārata.
In this chapter Lord Vishnu has been glorified as the Supreme Godhead. Now Śukadeva Gosvāmī is going to identify Lord Krishna with that same Personality of Godhead by describing another pastime of His, one which highlighted His unequaled, divine characteristics.
The brāhmana took the corpse and placed it at the door of King Ugrasena’s court. Then, agitated and lamenting miserably, he spoke the following.
[The brāhmana said:] This duplicitous, greedy enemy of brāhmanas, this unqualified ruler addicted to sense pleasure, has caused my son’s death by some discrepancies in the execution of his duties.
Presuming that he himself had done nothing to cause his son’s death, the brāhmana thought it reasonable to blame King Ugrasena. In the Vedic social system, the monarch is considered responsible for everything occurring in his kingdom, good or bad. Even in a democracy, a manager who takes charge of some group or project should accept personal responsibility for any failure rather than, as is so common today, trying to place the blame on his subordinates or superiors.
Citizens serving such a wicked king, who takes pleasure in violence and cannot control his senses, are doomed to suffer poverty and constant misery.
The wise brāhmana suffered the same tragedy with his second and third child. Each time, he left the body of his dead son at the King’s door and sang the same song of lamentation.
When the ninth child died, Arjuna, who was near Lord Keśava, happened to overhear the brāhmana lamenting. Thus Arjuna addressed the brāhmana: “What is the matter, my dear brāhmana? Isn’t there some lowly member of the royal order here who can at least stand before your house with a bow in his hand? These kshatriyas are behaving as if they were brāhmanas idly engaged in fire sacrifices.”
“The rulers of a kingdom in which brāhmanas lament over lost wealth, wives and children are merely imposters playing the role of kings just to earn their livelihood.”
“My lord, I will protect the progeny of you and your wife, who are in such distress. And if I fail to keep this promise, I will enter fire to atone for my sin.”
Chivalrous Arjuna could not tolerate the shame of being unable to fulfill his promise. As Krishna says in Bhagavad-gītā (2.34), sambhāvitasya cākīrtir maranād atiricyate: “For a respected person, dishonor is worse than death.”
The brāhmana said: Neither Sankarshana; Vāsudeva; Pradyumna, the best of bowmen; nor the unequaled warrior Aniruddha could save my sons. Then why do you naively attempt a feat that the almighty Lords of the universe could not perform? We cannot take you seriously.
Śrī Arjuna said: I am neither Lord Sankarshana, O brāhmana, nor Lord Krishna, nor even Krishna’s son. Rather, I am Arjuna, wielder of the Gāndīva bow.
Do not minimize my ability, which was good enough to satisfy Lord Śiva, O brāhmana. I will bring back your sons, dear master, even if I have to defeat Death himself in battle.
Thus convinced by Arjuna, O tormentor of enemies, the brāhmana went home, satisfied by having heard Arjuna’s declaration of his prowess.
When the wife of the elevated brāhmana was again about to give birth, he went to Arjuna in great anxiety and begged him, “Please, please protect my child from death!”
After touching pure water, offering obeisances to Lord Maheśvara and recollecting the mantras for his celestial weapons, Arjuna strung his bow Gāndīva.
The ācāryas point out that since the brāhmana had disrespected Lord Krishna, Arjuna tactfully offered his obeisances instead to Lord Śiva, who had taught Arjuna how to use the mantras of the Pāśupāta weapon.
Arjuna fenced in the house where the birth was taking place by shooting arrows attached to various missiles. Thus the son of Prithā constructed a protective cage of arrows, covering the house upwards, downwards and sideways.
The brāhmana’s wife then gave birth, but after the newborn infant had been crying for a short time, he suddenly vanished into the sky in his selfsame body.
The brāhmana then derided Arjuna in front of Lord Krishna: “Just see how foolish I was to put my faith in the bragging of a eunuch!”
“When neither Pradyumna, Aniruddha, Rāma nor Keśava can save a person, who else can possibly protect him?”
“To hell with that liar Arjuna! To hell with that braggart’s bow! He is so foolish that he has deluded himself into thinking he can bring back a person whom destiny has taken away.”
While the wise brāhmana continued to heap insults upon him, Arjuna employed a mystic incantation to go at once to Samyamanī, the city of heaven where Lord Yamarāja resides.
Not seeing the brāhmana’s child there, Arjuna went to the cities of Indra, Agni, Nirriti, Soma, Vāyu and Varuna. With weapons at the ready he searched through all the domains of the universe, from the bottom of the subterranean region to the roof of heaven. Finally, not having found the brāhmana’s son anywhere, Arjuna decided to enter the sacred fire, having failed to keep his promise. But just as he was about to do so, Lord Krishna stopped him and spoke the following words.
Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī comments that Arjuna trusted Lord Śiva implicitly as his guru, and so he did not bother to search out Lord Śiva’s celestial abode.
[Lord Krishna said:] I will show you the brāhmana’s sons, so please don’t despise yourself like this. These same men who now criticize us will soon establish our spotless fame.
Having thus advised Arjuna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead had Arjuna join Him on His divine chariot, and together they set off toward the west.
The Lord’s chariot passed over the seven islands of the middle universe, each with its ocean and its seven principal mountains. Then it crossed the Lokāloka boundary and entered the vast region of total darkness.
In Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Śrīla Prabhupāda notes: “Krishna passed over all these planets and reached the covering of the universe. This covering is described in the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam as great darkness. This material world as a whole is described as dark. In the open space there is sunlight, and therefore it is illuminated, but in the covering, because of the absence of sunlight, it is naturally dark.”
In that darkness the chariot’s horses — Śaibya, Sugrīva, Meghapushpa and Balāhaka — lost their way. Seeing them in this condition, O best of the Bhāratas, Lord Krishna, the supreme master of all masters of yoga, sent His Sudarśana disc before the chariot. That disc shone like thousands of suns.
Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī gives the following insight into this verse. Lord Krishna’s horses had descended from Vaikuntha to participate in His earthly pastimes. Since the Lord Himself was pretending to be a finite human being, His steeds now acted confused to enhance the drama of the situation for all who would one day hear this pastime.
The Lord’s Sudarśana disc penetrated the darkness with its blazing effulgence. Racing forward with the speed of the mind, it cut through the fearsome, dense oblivion expanded from primeval matter, as an arrow shot from Lord Rāma’s bow cuts through His enemy’s army.
Following the Sudarśana disc, the chariot went beyond the darkness and reached the endless spiritual light of the all pervasive brahmajyoti. As Arjuna beheld this glaring effulgence, his eyes hurt, and so he shut them.
After breaking through each of the eight concentric shells of the universe, the Sudarśana disc led Lord Krishna’s chariot into the limitless, self-effulgent atmosphere of the spiritual sky. This journey by Lord Krishna and Arjuna to Vaikuntha is also narrated in Śrī Hari-vamśa, where the Lord is quoted as telling His companion:
“The divine expanse of Brahman effulgence you have seen is none other than Myself, O best of the Bhāratas. It is My own eternal effulgence.”
“It comprises My eternal, spiritual energy, both manifest and unmanifest. The foremost yoga experts of this world enter within it and become liberated.”
“It is the supreme goal of the followers of Sānkhya, O Pārtha, as well as that of the yogīs and ascetics. It is the Supreme Absolute Truth, manifesting the varieties of the entire created cosmos. You should understand this brahma-jyoti, O Bhārata, to be My concentrated personal effulgence.”
From that region they entered a body of water resplendent with huge waves being churned by a mighty wind. Within that ocean Arjuna saw an amazing palace more radiant than anything he had ever seen before. Its beauty was enhanced by thousands of ornamental pillars bedecked with brilliant gems.
In that palace was the huge, awe-inspiring serpent Ananta Śesha. He shone brilliantly with the radiance emanating from the gems on His thousands of hoods and reflecting from twice as many fearsome eyes. He resembled white Mount Kailāsa, and His necks and tongues were dark blue.
Arjuna then saw the omnipresent and omnipotent Supreme Personality of Godhead, Mahā-Vishnu, sitting at ease on the serpent bed. His bluish complexion was the color of a dense rain cloud, He wore a beautiful yellow garment, His face looked charming, His broad eyes were most attractive, and He had eight long, handsome arms. His profuse locks of hair were bathed on all sides in the brilliance reflected from the clusters of precious jewels decorating His crown and earrings. He wore the Kaustubha gem, the mark of Śrīvatsa and a garland of forest flowers. Serving that topmost of all Lords were His personal attendants, headed by Sunanda and Nanda; His cakra and other weapons in their personified forms; His consort potencies Pushti, Śrī, Kīrti and Ajā; and all His various mystic powers.
Śrīla Prabhupāda mentions that “the Lord has innumerable energies, and they were also standing there personified. The most important among them were as follows: Pushti, the energy for nourishment; Śrī, the energy of beauty; Kīrti, the energy of reputation; and Ajā, the energy of material creation. All these energies are invested in the administrators of the material world, namely Lord Brahmā, Lord Śiva and Lord Vishnu, and in the kings of the heavenly planets, Indra, Candra, Varuna and the sungod. In other words, all these demigods, being empowered by the Lord with certain energies, engage in the transcendental loving service of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.”
Lord Krishna offered homage to Himself in this boundless form, and Arjuna, astonished at the sight of Lord Mahā-Vishnu, bowed down as well. Then, as the two of them stood before Him with joined palms, the almighty Mahā-Vishnu, supreme master of all rulers of the universe, smiled and spoke to them in a voice full of solemn authority.
Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī makes the following observations on this verse: Just as Lord Krishna offered obeisances to His own Deity during the worship of Govardhana Hill, so now also He paid homage to His Vishnu expansion for the purpose of playing out His pastimes. The Lord is ananta, possessed of countless manifestations, and this eight-armed form is among them. He is acyuta, “never falling from His position,” in the sense that He never stops engaging in His humanlike pastimes as a cowherd boy of Vrindāvana. Thus to safeguard the special sanctity of His humanlike pastimes as Krishna, He offered obeisances to His own plenary expansion.
Lord Mahā-Vishnu appeared before Krishna and Arjuna as bhūmā, the supremely opulent one, and as parameshthinām prabhuh, the Lord of multitudes of Brahmās ruling over millions of universes. With solemn authority He spoke in such a way as to bewilder Arjuna, in obedience to Śrī Krishna’s intention. His smile hinted at His private thoughts, which Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī has revealed for our benefit: “My dear Krishna, by Your desire I will describe My superiority, even though I am Your expansion. At the same time, however, I will subtly imply in My statements the supreme position of Your beauty, character and power and the fact that You are the source from which I emanate. Just see how clever I am — that in front of Arjuna I am confidentially divulging My true identity as nondifferent from You.”
[Lord Mahā-Vishnu said:] I brought the brāhmana’s sons here because I wanted to see the two of you, My expansions, who have descended to the earth to save the principles of religion. As soon as you finish killing the demons who burden the earth, quickly come back here to Me.
As explained by Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī, the secret import of these words spoken for Arjuna’s edification is as follows: “You two, who have descended along with your kalās, your personal energies, should kindly return to Me after killing the demons who burden the earth. Please quickly send these demons here to Me for the sake of their liberation.” It is stated in Śrī Hari-vamśa and in the Second Canto of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam that the path of gradual liberation passes through the intermediate station of Lord Mahā-Vishnu’s abode, outside the eighth shell of the universe.
Although all your desires are completely fulfilled, O best of exalted personalities, for the benefit of the people in general you should continue to exemplify religious behavior as the sages Nara and Nārāyana.
Thus instructed by the Supreme Lord of the topmost planet, Krishna and Arjuna assented by chanting om, and then they bowed down to almighty Lord Mahā-Vishnu. Taking the brāhmana’s sons with them, they returned with great delight to Dvārakā by the same path along which they had come. There they presented the brāhmana with his sons, who were in the same infant bodies in which they had been lost.
Having seen the domain of Lord Vishnu, Arjuna was totally amazed. He concluded that whatever extraordinary power a person exhibits can only be a manifestation of Śrī Krishna’s mercy.
Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī describes Arjuna’s amazement: He thought, “Just see! Even though I am a mere mortal, by Krishna’s mercy I have seen the Supreme Godhead, the root cause of everything.” Then, after a moment, he thought again, “But why did Lord Vishnu say that he took away the brāhmana’s children out of a desire to see Krishna? Why would the Supreme Personality of Godhead hanker to see His own expansion? This might be the effect of some peculiar temporary circumstance, but since He said didrikshunā instead of didrikshatā — where the specific suffix shunā carries the sense of a permanent characteristic, not a temporary one — it has to be concluded that He has always been wanting to see Krishna and myself. Even granted that this is so, why couldn’t He simply see Krishna at Dvārakā? After all, Lord Mahā-Vishnu is the all-pervading creator of the universe, which He holds like an āmalaka fruit in His hand. Is it that He could not see Krishna in Dvārakā because Krishna does not allow anyone to see Him without His special sanction?
“And why, also, would Lord Mahā-Vishnu, the compassionate master of all brāhmanas, have repeatedly tormented an elevated brāhmana, year after year? He must have acted in this unusual way only because He could not give up His extreme eagerness to see Krishna. All right, He may have acted improperly for that reason, but why couldn’t He have sent a servant to kidnap the brāhmana’s sons? Why did He Himself have to come to Dvārakā? Was stealing them out of Lord Krishna’s capital so difficult that no one but Vishnu Himself could hope to accomplish it? I can understand that He intended to cause so much distress to a brāhmana of Lord Krishna’s city that Krishna would be unable to tolerate it; then He would grant Lord Vishnu His audience. Lord Vishnu inspired the distressed brāhmana to pour out his complaints to Krishna in person. Thus it is clear that Śrī Krishna’s status of Godhood is superior to Lord Mahā-Vishnu’s.”
Having thought in this way, Arjuna was totally amazed. He asked Lord Krishna whether these were actually the facts of the matter, and the Lord replied, as related in the Hari-vamśa:
“It was to see Me that He, the Supreme Soul, stole the children. He believed, ‘Only on a brāhmana’s behalf will Krishna come to see Me, not otherwise.’”
Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī states that Lord Krishna further told Arjuna, “I did not go there, however, for the brāhmana’s sake; I went there, My friend, just to save your life. If it had been for the brāhmana’s sake that I traveled to Vaikuntha, I would have done so after his first child was abducted.”
According to Śrīla Śrīdhara Svāmī, although this pastime occurred before the Battle of Kurukshetra, it is recounted here at the end of the Tenth Canto under the general heading of the supremacy of Lord Krishna’s glories.
Lord Krishna exhibited many other, similar heroic pastimes in this world. He apparently enjoyed the pleasures of ordinary human life, and He performed greatly potent fire sacrifices.
The Lord having demonstrated His supremacy, at suitable times He showered down all desirable things upon the brāhmanas and His other subjects, just as Indra pours down his rain.
Now that He had killed many wicked kings and engaged devotees such as Arjuna in killing others, the Lord could easily assure the execution of religious principles through the agency of such pious rulers as Yudhishthira.